Chemistry Vocabulary - Definitions of Chemistry Terms

Chemistry Vocabulary - Definitions of Chemistry Terms This is a list of important chemistry vocabulary terms and their definitions. A more comprehensive list of chemistry terms can be found in my alphabetical chemistry glossary. You can use this vocabulary list to look up terms or you can make flashcards from the definitions to help learn them. absolute zero - Absolute zero is 0K. It is the lowest possible temperature. Theoretically, at absolute zero, atoms stop moving. accuracy - Accuracy is a measure of how close a measured value is to its true value. For example, if an object is exactly a meter long and you measure it as 1.1 meters long, that is more accurate than if you measured it at 1.5 meters long. acid - There are several ways to define an acid, but they include any chemical that gives off protons or H in water. Acids have a pH less than 7. They turn the pH indicator phenolphthalein colorless and turn litmus paper red. acid anhydride - An acid anhydride is an oxide that forms an acid when it is reacted with water. For example, when SO3- is added to water, it becomes sulfuric acid, H2SO4. actual yield - The actual yield is the amount of product you actually obtain from a chemical reaction, as in the amount you can measure or weigh as opposed to a calculated value. addition reaction - An addition reaction is a chemical reaction in which atoms add to a carbon-carbon multiple bond. alcohol - An alcohol is any organic molecule that has an -OH group. aldehyde - An aldehyde is any organic molecule that has a -COH group. alkali metal s of alkali metals include lithium, sodium, and potassium. alkaline earth metal s of alkaline earth metals are magnesium and calcium. alkane - An alkane is an organic molecule that only contains single carbon-carbon bonds. alkene - An alkene is an organic molecule that contains at least one CC or carbon-carbon double bond. alkyne - An alkyne is an organic molecule that contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. allotrope - Allotropes are different forms of a phase of an element. For example, diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon. alpha particle - An alpha particle is another name for a helium nucleus, which contains two protons and two neutrons. Its called an alpha particle in reference to radioactive (alpha) decay. amine - An amine is an organic molecule in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in ammonia have been replaced by an organic group. An example of an amine is methylamine. base - A base is a compound that produces OH- ions or electrons in water or that accepts protons. An example of a common base is sodium hydroxide, NaOH. beta particle - A beta particle is an electron, although the term is used when the electron is emitted in radioactive decay. binary compound - A binary compound is one made up of two elements. binding energy - Binding energy is the energy that holds protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus. bond energy - Bond energy is the amount of energy required to break one mole of chemical bonds. bond length - Bond length is the average distance between the nuclei of two atoms that share a bond. buffer - A liquid that resists change in pH when an acid or base is added. A buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base. An example of a buffer is acetic acid and sodium acetate. calorimetry - Calorimetry is the study of heat flow. Calorimetry may be used to find the heat of reaction of two compounds or the heat of combustion of a compound, for example. carboxylic acid - A carboxylic acid is an organic molecule containing a -COOH group. An example of a carboxylic acid is acetic acid. catalyst - A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction or speeds it up without being consumed by the reaction. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for biochemical reactions. cathode - A cathode is the electrode which gains electrons or is reduced. In other words, it is where reduction occurs in an electrochemical cell. chemical equation - A chemical equation is a description of a chemical reaction, including what reacts, what is produced, and which direction(s) the reaction proceeds. chemical property - A chemical property is a property that can only be observed when a chemical change occurs. Flammability is an example of a chemical property, since you cant measure how flammable a substance is without igniting it (making/breaking chemical bonds). covalent bond - A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed when two atoms share two electrons. critical mass - Critical mass is the minimum quantity of radioactive material needed to cause a nuclear chain reaction. critical point - The critical point is the endpoint of the liquid-vapor line in a phase diagram, past which a supercritical liquid forms. At the critical point, the liquid and vapor phases become indistinguishable from one another. crystal - A crystal is an ordered, repeating three-dimensional pattern of ions, atoms, or molecules. Most crystals are ionic solids, although other forms of crystals exist. delocalization - Delocalization is when electrons become free to move all over a molecule, such as when double bonds occur on adjacent atoms in a molecule. denature - There are two common meanings for this in chemistry. First, it can refer to any process used to make ethanol unfit for consumption (denatured alcohol). Second, denaturing can mean breaking down the three-dimensional structure of a molecule, such as a protein is denatured when exposed to heat. diffusion - Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. dilution - Dilution is when a  solvent is added to a solution, making it less concentrated. dissociation - Dissociation is when a chemical reaction breaks a compound into two or more parts. For example, NaCl dissociates into Na and Cl- in water. double displacement reaction - A double displacement or double replacement reaction is when cations of two compounds switch places. effusion - Effusion is when a gas moves through an opening into a low-pressure container (e.g., is drawn by a vacuum). Effusion occurs more quickly than diffusion because additional molecules arent in the way. electrolysis - Electrolysis is using electricity to break the bonds in a compound to break it apart. electrolyte - An electrolyte is an ionic compound that dissolves in water to produce ions, which can conduct electricity. Strong electrolytes completely dissociate in water, while weak electrolytes only partially dissociate or break apart in water. enantiomers - Enantiomers are molecules that are non superimposable mirror images of each other. endothermic - Endothermic describes a process that absorbs heat. Endothermic reactions feel cold. endpoint - The endpoint is when a titration is stopped, typically because an indicator has changed color. The endpoint need not be the same as the equivalence point of a titration. energy level - An energy level is a possible value of energy that an electron can have in an atom. enthalpy - Enthalpy is a measure of the amount of energy in a system. entropy - Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. enzyme - An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst in a biochemical reaction. equilibrium - Equilibrium occurs in reversible reactions when the forward rate of the reaction is the same as the reverse rate of the reaction. equivalence point - The equivalence point is when the solution in a titration is completely neutralized. It is not the same as the endpoint of a titration because the indicator may not change colors precisely when the solution is neutral. ester - An ester is an organic molecule with a R-CO-OR function group. excess reagent - Excess reagent is what you get when there is leftover reagent in a chemical reaction. excited state - An excited state is a higher energy state for an electron of an atom, ion, or molecule, compared with the energy of its ground state. exothermic - Exothermic describes a process that gives off heat. family - A family is a group of elements sharing similar properties. It is not necessarily the same thing as an element group. For example, the chalcogens or oxygen family consists of some different elements from the nonmetal group. Kelvin - Kelvin is a unit of temperature. A Kelvin is equal in size to a degree Celsius, although Kelvin starts from absolute zero. Add 273.15 to a Celsius temperature to get the Kelvin value. Kelvin is not reported with a  ° symbol. For example, you would simply write 300K not 300 °K. ketone - A ketone is a molecule that contains a R-CO-R functional group. An example of a common ketone is acetone (dimethyl ketone). kinetic energy - Kinetic energy is energy of motion. The more an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has. lanthanide contraction - The lanthanide contraction refers to the trend in which lanthanide atoms become smaller as you move left to right across the periodic table, even though they increase in atomic number. lattice energy - Lattice energy is the amount of energy released when one mole of a crystal forms from its gaseous ions. law of conservation of energy - The law of conservation of energy states the energy of the universe may change form, but its amount remains unchanged. ligand s of common ligands include water, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. mass - Mass is the amount of matter in a substance. It is commonly reported in units of grams. mole - Avogadros number (6.02 x 1023) of anything. node - A node is a location in an orbital with no probability of containing an electron. nucleon - A nucleon is a particle in the nucleus of an atom (proton or neutron). oxidation number The oxidation number is the apparent charge on an atom. For example, the oxidation number of an oxygen atom is -2. period - A period is a row (left to right) of the periodic table. precision - Precision is how repeatable a measurement is. More precise measurements are reported with more significant figures. pressure - Pressure is force per area. product - A product is something made as a result of a chemical reaction. quantum theory - Quantum theory is the description of energy levels and the predictions about the behavior of atoms at specific energy levels. radioactivity - Radioactivity occurs when the atomic nucleus is unstable and breaks apart, releasing energy or radiation. Raoults Law - Raoults Law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent. rate determining step - The rate determining step is the slowest step in any chemical reaction. rate law - A rate law is a mathematical expression relating the speed of a chemical reaction as a function of concentration. redox reaction - A redox reaction is a chemical reaction that involves oxidation and reduction. resonance structure - Resonance structures are the set of Lewis structures that can be drawn for a molecule when it has delocalized electrons. reversible reaction - A reversible reaction is a chemical reaction which can go both ways: reactants make products and products make reactants. RMS velocity - The RMS or root mean square velocity is the square root of the average of the squares of individual velocities of gas particles, which is a way of describing the average speed of gas particles. salt - An ionic compound formed from reacting an acid and a base. solute - The solute is the substance that gets dissolved in a solvent. Usually, it refers to a solid that is dissolved in a liquid. If you are mixing two liquids, the solute is the one that is present in a smaller amount. solvent - This is the liquid that dissolves a solute in solution. Technically, you can dissolve gases into liquids or into other gases, too. When making a solution where both substances are in the same phase (e.g., liquid-liquid), the solvent is the largest component of the solution. STP - STP means standard temperature and pressure, which is 273K and 1 atmosphere. strong acid - A strong acid is an acid that completely dissociates in water. An example of a strong acid is hydrochloric acid, HCl, which dissociates into H and Cl- in water. strong nuclear force - The strong nuclear force is the force that holds the protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus together. sublimation - Sublimation is when a solid changes directly into a gas. At atmospheric pressure, dry ice or solid carbon dioxide goes directly into carbon dioxide vapor, never becoming liquid carbon dioxide. synthesis - Synthesis is making a larger molecule from two or more atoms or smaller molecules. system - A system includes everything you are evaluating in a situation. temperature - Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. theoretical yield - Theoretical yield is the amount of product which would result if a chemical reaction proceeded perfectly, to completion, with no loss. thermodynamics - Thermodynamics is the study of energy. titration - Titration is a procedure in which the concentration of an acid or base is determined by measuring how much base or acid is required to neutralize it. triple point - The triple point is the temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases of a substance exist in equilibrium. unit cell - A unit cell is the simplest repeating structure of a crystal. unsaturated - There are two common meanings for unsaturated in chemistry. The first refers to a chemical solution that does not contain all of the solute that can be dissolved in it. Unsaturated also refers to an organic compound which contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. unshared electron pair - An unshared electron pair or lone pair refers to two electrons that arent participating in chemical bonding. valence electron - The valence electrons are the atoms outermost electrons. volatile - Volatile refers to a substance that has a high vapor pressure. VSEPR - VSEPR stands for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion. This is a theory used that predicts molecular shapes based on the assumption that electrons stay as far as possible from each other. Quiz Yourself Ionic Compound Names QuizElement Symbol Quiz

The Role of a Writing Coach

The Role of a Writing Coach The Role of a Writing Coach The Role of a Writing Coach By Mark Nichol Do you have a desire to write, but perhaps you find yourself frustrated by an inability to develop or organize your writing, or perhaps you’re getting bogged down in the process? Maybe a writing coach can help you. This post discusses what a writing coach can do for you. What is a writing coach? He or she does not necessarily edit your work, though the writing coach may also be an editor (and/or a writer) by trade. He or she is not a ghostwriter. A writing coach is a guide, and in most other endeavors, the best point in a journey to hire a guide is at or near the beginning, although you’re likely to benefit from a writing coach’s assistance starting at any stage of the writing process. The relationship between a writing coach and a writer generally begins with a face-to-face or phone interview in which the writing coach asks the writer about the project, what the writer hopes to accomplish with it, and what’s holding the writer back. A writing coach then helps the writer organize his or her project, determine a schedule, and select a completion date as a goal. The writing coach discusses the stages of a writing project, including an initial outline, preliminary research, a revised outline, more extensive research (and, if necessary, interviews), another revised outline, and various drafts, followed by the editorial process (developmental or substantive editing, copyediting, and proofreading). A writing coach helps the writer develop a clear and compelling premise or plot, determine a tone, style, and voice based on the intended audience, and produce a coherent, captivating narrative, whether fiction or nonfiction. A writing coach can help a professional share expertise, a business owner sell a product, an academic report on research, or a student complete an application or course essay. He or she will benefit poets, short story writers, and novelists, as well as authors of nonfiction works, including articles, reports, and book manuscripts. A writing coach helps elicit the writer’s experience and expertise, guides the writer to develop a creative, productive spatial and temporal environment, and trains the writer to craft effective prose. He or she helps the writer find the heart of the content, what works and what needs work, how to carry out research and conduct interviews, and how to frame and organize the material (and what to include and what to leave out). A writing coach helps the writer focus, provides an objective perspective, and guides and encourages. A writing coach is like a personal trainer for a writer. A writing coach is a mentor. Writing coaches are likely to charge writers more per hour for their services, but their role is ultimately less costly than that of a developmental editor or copy editor, or even a proofreader. A writer may consult with a writing coach for only a few hours in all, but even if this stage in the writing process takes longer, it is probably well worth the expense you’re virtually guaranteed to benefit from the relationship, and to get that much closer to completion of the project and eventual publication. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†A While vs AwhilePersonification vs. Anthropomorphism

Proof reading for (blogs) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proof reading for (blogs) - Essay Example Watching this video excitement runs through the veins at first, though the same does not persist till the end. Though it is true that if people are celebrating a victory in war, perhaps they are somewhere forgetting some grave mistakes committed towards humanity. However, I think if people would watch this kind of videos, they would not support any kind of war and soldiers might even refuse to participate in a war. That might not be the best of solutions considering the fact that war is an evil necessity at times. The Shield of Achilles The Shield of Achilles written by W.H. Auden was a hard poem for me to understand. I went online to read and understand the story of Achilles before I started the poem. Achilles was a Greek hero who participated in the Trojan War. Achilles’ mother Thetis prayed to the Greek god Hephaestus to create an invincible armor for her son. Hephaestus made a shield for Achilles. In the first part of the poem Thetis was describing what she see for example War, peace, sun, moon, ocean, and dance. The shilled was referring to the new life. In the second part of the poem, Auden said â€Å"A plain without a features.† It refers to emptiness. ... Force According to Weil, there are three definitions of Force with diverse meaning. The first meaning of force is to kill. It comes from the part where it is said that â€Å"it is that x that turn anybody who is subjected to in into a thing† and â€Å" it makes a corpse† .The second definition of force is â€Å"that not kill just yet†. This kind of force has the ability to kill because of the word â€Å"yet†. Another interesting thing is â€Å"it turn a man to stone† which mean no feeling. Also, the word â€Å"stone† mean no thinking and refers to the fact that he or she would act without thinking. In page 167 it gave example where force can remove human feeling, where it refers to the story of Achilles when he killed Hector. The Third definition is who use Force is foul. There is no one who is as strong that he can control everything in the world. Even though Achilles was the greatest of worriers; he was scare of the forces because it was bi gger than him. The Homer’s Iliad is considered as a war poem because it talked about the Troy and Trojan War. Guernica The first time I looked to the painting, it was like a drawing made by a kid. After having the class dictation, I got the idea that Picasso did mean several things in this painting. There is a woman on the left side of the photo holding a baby, which refers on how war can kill kids and innocent people. There is a flower almost in the middle of the painting, which refer to the future or it may mean that life may come again. Picasso draws a light beam as a path to future. There is a man who has a large foot and trying to reach the light but he can’t, because it looks like his foot is pulling him away from the light. In the

Answer Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Answer Questions - Essay Example A quoted firm can seek to grow its capital as an investment. Therefore, purchase of other organisations and seeking to produce more products, as well as enlarging the market share falls under this investment. When a listed company purchases another company, it increases its earnings through this investment. Listed private companies engage in this kind of investment because, they do not have to distribute the money back to the limited partners after a specified period of time (Cumming, 2010, p.56). A listed company that has already offered its shares in, through the stock market, can seek additional capital through a rights issue. Therefore, a listed company offers a rights issue to raise more finance, because its shares are already listed in the stock exchange. Rights issues are regarded by the stock exchange as the fairest activity to existing shareholders. Therefore, a company’s management can decide to allow shareholders to purchase additional stocks in the proportion to their current holdings. When an organisation wants money to expand its operations, it may opt to offer a rights issue. Members who are not willing to take up the rights issue can sell their right in the market so as to avoid losses resulting from dilution. It should be noted that a rights issue leads to an increase in the number of shares of a company, leading to dilution. Listed companies can also offer preference shares as a source of finance. The issue of preference shares enables a company to raise long-term finance. Preference shareholders provide finance to a listed company, while they get shares in return. A fixed dividend is to be earned by any shareholder who owns a preference share in a listed company. It is impossible for these types of stockholders to be engaged in decision making through voting. They do not participate in retained earnings, and this is advantageous to a listed company, because presence of preference shareholders does not threaten

Graduation Speech: What is Next? -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Ad

What is graduation? Some people would say that it's proof of the freedom we will soon experience. Some say that it's the end of the best years of our lives. Some would say that it's when we're forced to grow up and become adults. Some would say that it's just another day, no different than any other day, other than the scrolls, the funny outfits and the clapping. Some go into it silent, awaiting their chance to be recognized for their victory dance. Some use stupid comparisons to describe it by saying that it's like the opening of a new door or that it's like taking another step on the never-ending ladder of life. Some praise it, some dread it. Everyone has a different opinion, but there's one thing that we all agree on. There's one question on the back of all our minds that we worry about every time we think about this night. And that question is: What's next? There are a thousand things that can be compared to graduation, and some of them may be pretty accurate, but none of them can come close to the reality of what graduation really is. Graduation can't be described in words, other than it's an event 12 years in the making. We've waited 12 years, move than half our lives, to stand on a stage with a funny hat and robe, which if I'd see someone walking down the street wearing I'd throw something at them. But it's just really hard to think about. Twelve of our 18 years on this planet have been spend working towards this single night. From the building blocks in kindergarten, to kick and wallball in fourth and fifth grade. From standing in circles putting your arm around your girlfriend's waist in seventh and eighth grades, to pulling an all-nighter in Abbot's class in eleventh grade. It all prepares us. Now, the people I k... ...e questions that's on all of our minds: What is next? Well, what's next is up to us. It's up to us to accomplish those goals we set for ourselves. It's up to us to decide whether we'll choose stagnation or generativity. It's up to us to accept the reality of seriousness and the beauty that can be derived from it. And it's up to us to remember these past 12 years and move on to bigger and better things while at the same time remembering the experiences we've had with our friends and family, because these times are the best years of our lives. Everything else is just a remix. These times are the foundation of our lives, and just like a house is built up from the foundation, our lives will be built up from these past 12 years. I just made a corny graduation analogy, but I don't care. The feelings in this room tonight can't be put into words, but they can be remembered.

Trifles: An Investigation of The Murder of John Wright

The short story Trifles written by Susan Glaspell is a story regarding the investigation of the murder of John Wright by his wife, Mrs. Wright. Mrs. Hale is the wife of Mr. Hale, one of the men investigating the murder, and the neighbor of the Wrights. While the men investigate around the farmhouse looking for clues to prove Mrs. Wright was guilty, Mrs. Hale is downstairs with Mrs. Peters discovering their own evidence in the mishaps of Mrs. Wrights cleaning and sewing. Mrs. Hale begins to reminisce on how cheerful and full of life Mrs.Wright was prior to her marriage. She regrets not visiting with Mrs. Wright throughout the years especially since they were neighbors. Upon finding the unfinished quilt and the empty bird cage, they discover a dead canary with a strangled neck, the same way Mr. Wright’s neck was strangled. She begins to see the reasoning for Mrs. Wright murdering her husband. She concludes that Mrs. Wright was unhappy with her marriage and possibly neglected. Sh e decides to keep this information between her and Mrs. Peters instead of informing the men of their findings. Why would Mrs.Hale’s change in view of Mrs. Wright make her justify the reasoning behind why she murdered her husband? Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is a theory developed by Abraham Maslow to understand human motivation to fulfill our peak potential. It is described as a model which is divided into our basic needs (physiology, safety, love and esteem) and our growth needs (cognitive, aesthetic, and self-actualization. ) (McLeod, 2007) Saul McLeod believes that one must satisfy lower level basic needs before progressing to meet higher level growth needs. (McLeod, 2007) Mrs.Hales regresses from the cognitive need down to the love and belonging need as she begins to see Mrs. Wright as the friend whom she used to have and because of this she believes she was in an unhappy and neglected marriage, which has driven her to murder her husband. After entering the Wright house, wh ich is now a crime scene for the murder of Mr. Wright, Mrs. Hale is left alone downstairs with Mrs. Peters while the men go upstairs to find evidence to prove that Mrs. Wright murdered her husband. Upon engaging in conversation Mrs. Hale’s cognitive need becomes apparent when they inspect the knitting on Mrs.Wrights quilt. Mrs. Hales states â€Å"Mrs. Peters, look at this one. Here, this is the one she was working on, and look at the sewing! All the rest of it has been so nice and even. And look at this! It’s all over the place! Why, it looks as if she didn't know what she was about. †(Glaspell, 666). Mrs. Hale suspects that something could have caused the negligence of her stitching, She asks Mrs. Peters â€Å"What do you supposed she was so nervous about? † (Glaspell, 666) She seemed intrigued, insinuating there may have been a reason which drove her to murder her husband. Mrs.Hale is staggering on the cognitive level which is preventing her from progre ssing on to the next level of aesthetic because she is not concerned with her own needs to express herself in a pleasing way, But to express Mrs. Wright in a more pleasing way and not as some horrific murderer. Mrs. Hale goes on to explain to Mrs. Peters; â€Å"I wish you’d seen Minnie Foster when she wore a white dress with blue ribbons and stood up there in the choir and sang. † (Glaspell, 670) She wants Mrs. Peters to view Mrs. Wright in the positive way that she was prior to her failed marriage.This actually shows her regression down to the love and belonging level. Towards the end of the play she realizes that she has been so busy in her life that she had neglected her friend in a time of need. She regrets not visiting her, stating that â€Å"I wish I’d come over here once in a while! That was a crime! That was a crime! Who’s going to punish that? † (Glaspell, 670) She feels guilty for not realizing that Mrs. Wright needed help. She tells Mrs. Peters â€Å"I might have known she needed help! I know how things can be-for women. I tell you, it’s queer, Mrs.Peters. We live so close together and we live far apart. † (Glaspell, 670) Mrs. Hale wishes she had been a better friend to Mrs. Wright and by doing that feels that could have helped prevent the murder from even happening. Maslows Law is a good theory to represent the understanding of Mrs. Hale, it signifies the importance of better understanding why she acted as she did. We use Maslows Law of Hierarchy Needs to better understand what motivates us to reach our full potential. According to McLeod, â€Å"progress is often disrupted by failure to meet lower level needs. (McLeod, 2007) Because Mrs. Hale had begun to care for her old friend, after trying to figure out what caused her to become a murder, She had regressed back down to the love and belonging level, Thus preventing her from progressing to the aesthetic level. WORKS CITED: McLeod, S. A. (2007). Mas low's Hierarchy of Needs. Glaspell, Susan. â€Å"Trifles. † Backpack Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing Fourth Edition. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. , 2012. 659-671. Print.

Top Biology Programs in U.S. Universities

College and university biology programs provide the opportunity to study a plethora of ideas and concepts. Below is a list of the top biology programs from colleges and universities in the United States. Obviously, publications rate the programs differently, but Ive seen the following programs turn up consistently in the rankings. It is always best to compare and contrast different programs as biology programs are unique. Always choose the best school for your interests and aspirations. Good luck! Top Biology Programs: East Boston UniversityOffers programs of study with undergraduate specialization in behavioral biology, cell biology, molecular biology genetics, ecology conservation biology, neurobiology, and quantitative biology. Brown UniversityOffers opportunities for study at all levels of biological organization, as well as a range of collaborative opportunities for independent study and research. Carnegie Mellon UniversityOne of the nations top private research institutions, this university offers courses that focus on five core areas: genetics and molecular biology, biochemistry and biophysics, cell and developmental biology, neuroscience, and computational biology. Columbia UniversityOffers programs to prepare students for careers in basic research, medicine, public health, and biotechnology. Cornell UniversityCornells Biological Sciences program has hundreds of course offerings with concentrations in fields such as animal physiology, biochemistry, computational biology, marine biology, and plant biology. Dartmouth CollegeCourses of study provide students with an understanding of biology at environmental, organismal, cellular, and molecular levels. Duke UniversityProvides opportunities for specializations in sub-disciplines including anatomy, physiology and biomechanics, animal behavior, biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, evolutionary biology, genetics, genomics, marine biology, neurobiology, pharmacology, and plant biology. Emory UniversityOffers advanced programs of study in various sub-disciplines including cell and molecular biology, physiology, ecology and evolutionary biology. Harvard UniversityOffers specialized plans of study in biomedical engineering, chemical and physical biology (CPB), chemistry, human developmental and regenerative biology (HDRB), human evolutionary biology (HEB), molecular and cellular biology (MCB), neurobiology, organismic and evolutionary biology (OEB), and psychology. Johns Hopkins UniversityOffers opportunities for study in biomedical engineering, neuroscience, biophysics, cellular and molecular biology, microbiology, and much more. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)MIT offers courses of study in areas such as biochemistry, bioengineering, biophysics, neurobiology, and computational biology. Penn State UniversityIncludes programs of study in fields including general biology, ecology, genetics developmental biology, neuroscience, plant biology, and vertebrate physiology. Princeton UniversityOffers opportunities for study in areas including molecular biology, ecology and evolutionary biology, and chemical and biological engineering. University of North Carolina at Chapel HillThe programs of study at UNC prepare students for careers in the biological, environmental, and medical sciences. This includes fields such as medical, dental, and veterinary medicine. University of PennsylvaniaOffers areas of study including genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, development, plant biology, vertebrate physiology, neurobiology, behavior, ecology, and evolution. University of VirginiaThe biology curriculum offers specialization in areas such as genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, ecology, and evolution. Yale UniversityThe Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (MCDB) provides opportunities for study in biotechnology, plant sciences, neurobiology, genetics, cell and developmental biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, and chemical biology. Central Indiana University - BloomingtonStudents earning a degree in biology at this university are prepared for careers in biology, biotechnology, and health-related fields. Specialized areas of study include ecology, genetics, microbiology, cellular, developmental, environmental, and molecular biology. Michigan State UniversityOffers various programs in the biological sciences including biochemistry and molecular biology. Northwestern UniversityOffers opportunities for study in the biological sciences with concentrations in biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology, neurobiology, physiology, and plant biology. Ohio State UniversityPrograms of study include forensic biology, life sciences education, and pre-health professions. Purdue UniversityOffers a wide range of study in fields of biology such as biochemistry; cell, molecular, and developmental biology; ecology, evolution, and environmental biology; genetics; health and disease; microbiology; and neurobiology and physiology. University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignProvides opportunities for study in genomics, physiology, ecology, evolution, and cell and molecular biology. University of IowaOffers biology programs of study in areas including cell and developmental biology, evolution, genetics, neurobiology, and plant biology. University of Michigan at Ann ArborPrograms provide opportunities for study in ecology and evolutionary biology; molecular, cellular and developmental biology, and neuroscience. University of Notre DameBiological and environmental sciences programs allow students to study evolutionary biology, cellular and molecular biology, cancer biology, immunology, neuroscience, and more. Vanderbilt UniversityOffers courses and research opportunities in biochemistry, structural biology and biophysics, cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, computational biology, evolutionary biology, ecology, developmental biology, and neurobiology. Washington University in St. LouisProvides opportunities for study in genetics, neuroscience, development, population biology, plant biology, and more. West Arizona State UniversityThe field of biological science at Arizona State offers opportunities for study in animal physiology and behavior; biology and society; conservation biology and ecology; genetics, cell and developmental biology. Baylor UniversityBiology programs at Baylor are designed for students interested in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, ecology, environmental science, wildlife, conservation, forestry, genetics, or other areas of biology. Rice UniversityOffers opportunities to study in biochemistry and cell biology; biological sciences; ecology and evolutionary biology. University  of Colorado at BoulderOffers four undergraduate  biology-related  programs of study in molecular, cellular and developmental biology; ecology and evolutionary biology; integrative physiology; and biochemistry. University of KansasProvides opportunities for study in biochemistry, biology, microbiology, and molecular biosciences. University of MinnesotaPrograms of study in biology and in cell and molecular biology are offered for individuals interested in graduate study or professional training in the biological and health sciences. University of MontanaOffers opportunities to earn degrees in biology, microbiology, and medical technology. University of Nevada Las VegasUNLVs biological sciences program offers areas of concentration in biotechnology, cell and molecular biology, comprehensive biology, ecology and evolutionary biology, education, integrative physiology, and microbiology. University of OklahomaThis biological sciences program prepares students to enter medical, dental, or veterinary training, as well as other  biology-related  careers. University of OregonOffers biology programs of study with concentrations in ecology evolution; human biology; marine biology; molecular cellular developmental biology; and neuroscience behavior. University of Wisconsin at MadisonThe University of Wisconsins biology program includes opportunities for specialization in neurobiology and evolutionary biology. Pacific California Institute of TechnologyOffers opportunities for study in biology or  bioengineering. Stanford UniversityThis biology program gives students the foundation needed to pursue careers in the medical and veterinary  fields, as well as preparation for graduate study. University of California at BerkeleyProvides opportunities for study in biochemistry molecular biology; cell developmental biology; genetics, genomics development; immunology pathogenesis; and neurobiology. University of California at DavisStudent may choose to major in several concentrations including biochemistry and molecular biology; biological sciences;  cell biology; evolution, ecology and biodiversity; exercise biology; genetics; microbiology; neurobiology, physiology and behavior; and plant biology. University of California at IrvineOffers opportunities for study in biological sciences, biochemistry and molecular biology, biology/education, developmental and cell biology, ecology and evolutionary biology, genetics, microbiology and immunology, and neurobiology. University of California at Los AngelesProvides opportunities to study in biology and a number of biology-related areas including  ecology, behavior, and evolution; marine biology; microbiology, immunology, molecular genetics; molecular, cell developmental biology; integrative biology and physiology; neuroscience; and computational systems biology. University of California at Santa BarbaraStudents may choose to major in several specialized areas of biology including aquatic biology; biochemistry and molecular biology; ecology and evolution; cell and developmental biology; pharmacology; physiology; and zoology. University of Southern CaliforniaOffers opportunities for study in biological sciences,  human development  and aging, neuroscience, environmental science, and more. University of Washington at SeattleProvides opportunities for study in areas of biology including ecology, evolution, conservation biology; molecular, cellular developmental biology; physiology and plant biology.